Meningitis occurs worldwide in pigs / swine of all ages. The effects of meningitis are inappetence, trembling, twitching, abnormal eye movements, convulsions and death.
- Causes of Meningitis >
- Effects of Meningitis >
- Diagnosis of Meningitis >
- Treatment & Control of Meningitis >
Causes of Meningitis
Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes which surround the brain (meninges). It is commonly caused by the Streptococcus suis bacteria (streptococcal meningitis) and Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser's disease ).
S. Streptococcus suis is a boat which has a distinctive shape, Possesses a capsule to resist phagocytosis (digestion by white cells in the body) and a toxin. At least 35 capsular types have been distinguished and some of these produce particular forms of disease (serotype 1 in baby pigs, serotype 2 in meningitis in older pigs, serotype 14 in arthritis).
The organism is easily cultivated in the laboratory, but full typing facilities are not widely available. S. suis is sensitive to a wide range of antimicrobials and disinfectants farm but survives 512 days on the Tonsils and 25 days at 9 ° C in dust.
S. suis infects pigs at or shortly after birth from the sow or by aerosol or contact within 5-25 days of mixing with carrier animals. It multiplies in the tonsillar crypt, is taken up by white blood cells and is distributed in the blood to the brain and joints. It can cause septicemia within a few hours which may kill the animal or cause meningitis, which is frequently fatal. Arthritis also occurs.
Immunity develops but is type specific.
Effects of Meningitis
Serotype 1 causes disease in piglets of 10-14 days of age. Affected animals cease to thrive, become rough-coated, develop fever (40.6-41.1°C, 105-106°F) and may die. Enlarged, hot, painful swollen joints develop later or animals become stiff, blind or show muscular tremors ending in ataxia or death.
Sudden death may occur in endocarditis due to streptococcal infection. Typically, up to two thirds of the litter develop some form of the disease. Serotype 2 causes disease in pigs aged 3-12 weeks or more with an incubation period of 24 hours to 2 weeks.
Outbreaks often begin with the death of a pig in good condition. Fever of 40.6-41.7°C, 105-107°F and flushing of the skin may occur in live pigs. Nervous signs such as incoordination, tremors, paralysis, paddling, opisthotonus and tetanic spasms develop in that order. Death can occur within 4 hours of the onset of the clinical signs.
Animals developing meningitis have a glassy stare, flushed skin and unsteady gait. Head tilt is sometimes present. Arthritis may occur in younger pigs and occasionally in gilts and sows. Bronchopneumonia may occur. Mortality varies from 1-50% in any batch of pigs and in herds with enzootic infection, may be 0.5% with 1% clinically affected.
Diagnosis of Meningitis
Serotype 1 infections in piglets are suggested by the clinical signs and the age of the affected pigs (10-21 days). Purulent meningitis, joints, inflamed and swollen by mucoid synovial fluid and valvular endocarditis are frequently present at post-mortem examination.
S. suis may be demonstrated by culture and in smears, confirming the condition and differentiating it from H. parasuis infections.
S. suis serotype 2 infections in older pigs should be suspected when pigs are seen with head tilt, a glassy stare, flushed skin and unsteady gait followed by nervous signs such as incoordination, tremor, paralysis, paddling, opisthotonus and tetanic spasms and by death within hours.
The post-mortem findings consist of a reddened carcase, enlarged reddened lymph nodes, fine strands of fibrin in the peritoneal and pleural cavities and pneumonia. Oedema and congestion of the brain may be visible and the cerebrospinal fluid may be cloudy. Purulent arthritis may be present in young pigs.
The presence of meningitis can be confirmed microscopically. S. suis infection can be confirmed by culture, and the condition differentiated from H. parasuis infection. The organism can be isolated from the tonsils of carrier pigs. Isolates may be identified to species using biochemical tests. Typing is carried out by reference laboratories.
Treatment & Control of Meningitis
- Affected pigs should be treated by injection with antimicrobial for 3-5 days. Penicillin is the drug of choice although amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, trimethoprim sulphonamide and other antimicrobials can be used, but not aminoglycosides or the tetracyclines.
- Affected pigs should be removed to a quiet pen and given water and food, manually if necessary.
- Paralysed animals should be rehydrated using saline given per rectum.
- Animals with advanced septicaemia, meningitis and arthritis rarely respond and all cases should be reassessed 3 days after the onset of treatment.
- Paralysed animals should be killed humanely.
- Pigs in the same pen as affected animals should be treated in feed or in water.
Control
- Control of the disease in piglets may be possible by farrowing sows in isolation and by fumigating the accommodation between animals.
- Injection of piglets at birth with long-acting penicillin may prevent disease.
- Control of the disease in older pigs can be by medication of the water with ampicillin or amoxicillin for 7 days prior to expected disease, in feed with phenoxymethyl penicillin at 75-100g/tonne or procaine penicillin at 200-300g/tonne.
- All-in, all-out husbandry methods reduce spread.
- Medicated early weaning has eradicated disease from a herd but slaughter, disinfection and repopulation is most reliable.
